Heat the olive oil in a large pot or Dutch oven over medium heat. Add the diced onion and sauté until softened, about 3-4 minutes.
Add the minced garlic, carrots, and celery to the pot. Cook for another 5 minutes, stirring occasionally, until vegetables are tender.
Stir in the ground cumin, chili powder, smoked paprika, salt, and black pepper. Sauté for an additional minute to toast the spices.
Add the diced chicken breast to the pot. Cook until the chicken is no longer pink, about 5-7 minutes.
Pour in the chicken broth, white beans, diced green chiles, and corn. Stir to combine, then bring the mixture to a boil.
Reduce the heat to low and let it simmer for about 20 minutes, stirring occasionally.
Once ready, add the lime juice and taste for seasoning. Adjust with more salt and pepper if needed.
Serve hot, garnished with fresh cilantro and a dollop of sour cream, if desired.